1 加油站容易轉型為充電站

縱觀我國市場上(shang)已投(tou)放(fang)的(de)快(kuai)充(chong)樁，大(da)致(zhi)分四(si)類(lei)(lei)：一類(lei)(lei)是由國家電(dian)網(wang)建設，主要在高速公路服務區或固定的(de)充(chong)電(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，城市網(wang)點較少，且目前服務對(dui)象(xiang)大(da)多為公交車(che)；第(di)二(er)類(lei)(lei)為車(che)企自建，第(di)三類(lei)(lei)則是由第(di)三方新能源(yuan)汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)服務公司(si)建立，第(di)四(si)類(lei)(lei)是各種加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)改建。相比較而言(yan)，加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)轉型快(kuai)充(chong)站(zhan)(zhan)便利(li)且空間(jian)巨大(da)。

城(cheng)市土地較(jiao)少，特別是一(yi)線城(cheng)市，但往往這些地區的(de)充電需求相對旺盛。而廣為布(bu)局的(de)加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)，已在交(jiao)通要道提前擁有土地資(zi)源。隨著快充技術(shu)發展，快充補電速度(du)也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)快，對于電動汽車(che)車(che)主(zhu)來(lai)說，過去養成(cheng)的(de)去加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)加油(you)的(de)習慣，在電動化時代，將通過加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)得以延續。據(ju)中信證券測算充電行業(ye)遠期市場空間達(da)到超千億元，一(yi)旦國內多(duo)數加油(you)站(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)功轉型(xing)為快充站(zhan)(zhan)，影(ying)響(xiang)巨大。

2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)加油(you)(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)總數量達11.50萬(wan)座(zuo)，這些加油(you)(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)大部分可以轉(zhuan)化為充電站(zhan)。實(shi)際上(shang)，中(zhong)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)、中(zhong)石化對于(yu)轉(zhuan)型充電站(zhan)十分積極。譬(pi)如中(zhong)石化、中(zhong)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)在財務(wu)報告中(zhong)均(jun)表(biao)示，隨(sui)著新(xin)能源行(xing)業的發(fa)展，兩(liang)者都(dou)決定迎合新(xin)的發(fa)展趨勢(shi)，使(shi)它們旗下的加油(you)(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)不僅僅局限于(yu)加油(you)(you)(you)(you)的零售業務(wu)，而且(qie)向(xiang)綜合能源服務(wu)商發(fa)展。中(zhong)石化方(fang)面(mian)表(biao)示，到2025年(nian)(nian)(nian)要(yao)在5000座(zuo)以上(shang)加油(you)(you)(you)(you)站(zhan)里(li)建快充站(zhan)，現(xian)在已(yi)經建了(le)2000多個(ge)站(zhan)。而中(zhong)石油(you)(you)(you)(you)已(yi)于(yu)2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)下半(ban)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，成立了(le)瞄準充換電市場的中(zhong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)綠(lv)電新(xin)能源有(you)限公司。

因為充電速度(du)的(de)(de)(de)加快，快充站(zhan)和加油站(zhan)很(hen)多方面相似，加油站(zhan)是很(hen)容(rong)易過(guo)渡到快充站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)。而(er)且上海(hai)、北京這樣的(de)(de)(de)超大型城(cheng)市中(zhong)，加油站(zhan)銷量越來越小，急需轉型，快充站(zhan)是一(yi)個重要的(de)(de)(de)轉型方向(xiang)。

2 加油站轉型快充站存在的問題

快充站建設問(wen)題之一就是土地資源緊(jin)張(zhang)，但(dan)是如果由加油站轉型快充站，這(zhe)個(ge)問(wen)題便可迎刃而(er)解。那么(me)還有哪些(xie)障(zhang)礙呢？

目前(qian)，我國的(de)(de)加油(you)(you)站(zhan)轉型(xing)(xing)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)站(zhan)，之所以還(huan)僅僅是(shi)一個(ge)趨勢(shi)，并沒有大(da)規模發(fa)展，關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)制約因素是(shi)經濟(ji)利益。快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電成本、效(xiao)率方面(mian)(mian)，目前(qian)來看還(huan)不足(zu)以支(zhi)撐加油(you)(you)站(zhan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，不過隨著快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)車(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)增多(duo)，再有三四年的(de)(de)時間，就可以支(zhi)持企業效(xiao)益提升。由此可以預測，未來在新能源汽(qi)車(che)(che)逐漸取代燃油(you)(you)車(che)(che)的(de)(de)過程，大(da)多(duo)數(shu)加油(you)(you)站(zhan)可全面(mian)(mian)快(kuai)速地轉型(xing)(xing)到(dao)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)站(zhan)的(de)(de)。

加油站轉(zhuan)型快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)站，還(huan)有一(yi)個(ge)難題(ti)(ti)，那就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力來源(yuan)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)的功(gong)率需求對不少企業配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網來說是(shi)很大的挑戰，特別是(shi)在(zai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰時段。目前(qian)解決(jue)這一(yi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的辦法是(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站配(pei)(pei)置光(guang)儲(chu)充(chong)一(yi)體化系(xi)統。光(guang)儲(chu)充(chong)一(yi)體化，是(shi)指由(you)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布(bu)式光(guang)伏、儲(chu)能系(xi)統、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備和常規負荷組成(cheng)的供配(pei)(pei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統。這套(tao)系(xi)統中關(guan)鍵在(zai)于儲(chu)能的參與，使得(de)快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)站可以實現局(ju)部微網的削峰填谷，而且很好地應對快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)大負荷對局(ju)域配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的沖擊，解決(jue)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)力增容(rong)、擴容(rong)的矛盾問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。

3 安科瑞充電解決方案

傳統的(de)加油站電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負荷(he)很(hen)小，主要有(you)加油機油泵(beng)、形象用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、照(zhao)明用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等，一(yi)般單個(ge)傳統加油站負荷(he)不(bu)超過50kW，采用(yong)0.4kV供電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但是如果轉(zhuan)為快充(chong)站，那負荷(he)可(ke)能會幾十倍的(de)增加。如果全部依賴電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，第一(yi)個(ge)問題是當(dang)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部門是否能滿足(zu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)要求，對區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)沖擊較(jiao)大；第二個(ge)是成本(ben)太高而(er)減少利(li)潤空間，通過配(pei)置市電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏、儲能相結合的(de)方式可(ke)以擴充(chong)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)，大幅降低用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)，提(ti)高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站運(yun)行靈活性。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站供電(dian)(dian)系統主要為充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)源，由(you)一(yi)(yi)次設(she)備（開關柜、變(bian)壓器(qi)等(deng)(deng)）和光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)組(zu)件、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)設(she)備組(zu)成，見(jian)圖1所示。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備及光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)設(she)備是整個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)氣系統的核心部分(fen)，一(yi)(yi)般充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備采(cai)用(yong)大功率直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)設(she)備可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)集裝箱或(huo)者(zhe)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)柜，可(ke)以(yi)根據情況分(fen)步(bu)擴容(rong)，實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)池快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、削峰填谷、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)、余電(dian)(dian)上網、電(dian)(dian)網平衡(heng)、應急(ji)電(dian)(dian)源等(deng)(deng)功能(neng)(neng)。這種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)除了應用(yong)在加油站之外，還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)大量應用(yong)在居民(min)小(xiao)區(qu)、 商業樓(lou)宇、 產(chan)業園區(qu)等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。

圖1 充電站光(guang)儲充一體化模式

3.1 充電設備

安科瑞AEV200-DC160S一體(ti)式(shi)非車載直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種符合國標充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)口標準、輸出功率達(da)到(dao)160kW的(de)直流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，滿足(zu)快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)需(xu)要。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁具(ju)備(bei)(bei)高(gao)轉換效率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模塊，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)的(de)轉換效率能(neng)(neng)(neng)達(da)到(dao)96%，通過(guo)2018國家標準測試。設(she)備(bei)(bei)自帶故障診斷系統，同時(shi)(shi)支(zhi)持(chi)遠程(cheng)升級，能(neng)(neng)(neng)實現平(ping)臺對(dui)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)遠程(cheng)復(fu)位，減(jian)少運營成本投入(ru)，同時(shi)(shi)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)待機(ji)(ji)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，多重(zhong)防護，產(chan)品具(ju)備(bei)(bei)過(guo)流、過(guo)壓、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)、短路、防浪涌(yong)、接(jie)地連續性檢測保護，性能(neng)(neng)(neng)參(can)數如(ru)表1所示。

圖2 AEV200-DC160SS一體式非車(che)載直流充電(dian)機

除了160kW快速直流(liu)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)之外，公司還提供(gong)120kW、80kW、60kW直流(liu)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)以及7kW交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)，滿(man)足各種場合的充(chong)電要求(qiu)，選型如表2所示。

3.2 充電運營管理平臺

安科瑞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)運營管理(li)(li)平臺(tai)是基(ji)于(yu)物(wu)聯網和(he)(he)大(da)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)技(ji)術的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施管理(li)(li)系(xi)統，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實現(xian)對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)監控、調(diao)度和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)，提(ti)高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)利用率(lv)(lv)和(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)(lv)，提(ti)升用戶(hu)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)驗和(he)(he)服務質量。用戶(hu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)通(tong)過APP或(huo)小程序提(ti)前預(yu)約(yue)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站排隊等待的(de)(de)情況，同時(shi)也能為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站提(ti)供更(geng)準確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，方便(bian)后續的(de)(de)調(diao)度和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)。通(tong)過平臺(tai)可(ke)對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流等參數(shu)(shu)進行實時(shi)監控，及時(shi)發(fa)現(xian)和(he)(he)處理(li)(li)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁故障和(he)(he)異常情況對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)進行控制和(he)(he)管理(li)(li)，確保充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁在合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)范圍內(nei)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避(bi)免對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網造成過大(da)的(de)(de)負荷(he)。

平臺(tai)除了對(dui)充電樁的(de)監控外，還對(dui)充電站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)光伏發電系統(tong)(tong)、儲能系統(tong)(tong)以及供電系統(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)集中(zhong)監控和統(tong)(tong)一協調管理，避(bi)免超負荷運(yun)行(xing)，提高充電站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)可靠性(xing)，降低運(yun)營(ying)成本，平臺(tai)系統(tong)(tong)架(jia)構如圖3所示(shi)。

圖3 充電樁運營管理平臺系統架構

大屏顯示：展示充電站設備統計、使用率排行、運營統計圖表、節碳量統計等數據。

圖4 大屏展示界面

站點監控：顯示設備實時狀態、設備列表、設備日志、設備狀態統計等功能。

圖5 站點監控界面

設備監控：顯示設備實時信息、配套設備狀態、設備實時曲線、關聯訂單信息、充電功率曲線等。

圖6 設備監控界面

運營趨勢統計：顯示運(yun)營信息查(cha)詢、站點對比曲線、日月年(nian)報(bao)表、站點對比列表等功能。

圖7 運營趨勢界面

收益查詢：提(ti)供收(shou)益(yi)匯總(zong)、實際收(shou)益(yi)報(bao)表、收(shou)益(yi)變化曲線、支付方式(shi)占比等功能。

圖8 收益查詢界面

故障分析：提供故障匯總、故障狀態餅圖、故障趨勢分析、故障類型餅圖等功能。

圖9 故障分析界面

訂單記錄：提供實時/歷史訂單查詢、訂單終止、訂單詳情、訂單導出、運營商應收信息、充電明細、交易流水查詢、充值余額明細等功能。

圖10 訂單查詢界面

4 結束語

過去大家(jia)均認為加(jia)油(you)(you)站(zhan)等業態(tai)，屬于傳統(tong)行業，隨(sui)著燃油(you)(you)車逐漸(jian)退出(chu)歷史舞臺，加(jia)油(you)(you)站(zhan)也會日暮西山。但是隨(sui)著快充的快速發展，加(jia)油(you)(you)站(zhan)搖身一變成為了快充站(zhan)，全面擁(yong)抱新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車時代，將可能(neng)位居新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)板塊的重要位置(zhi)，成功轉(zhuan)變為高成長企業，比如今的新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)整(zheng)車制造，更值得(de)期(qi)待(dai)。